{"id":64858,"date":"2024-06-02T21:51:26","date_gmt":"2024-06-02T18:21:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/"},"modified":"2024-06-02T21:51:26","modified_gmt":"2024-06-02T18:21:26","slug":"%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/","title":{"rendered":"\u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 &#8211; \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 DEV"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<div 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\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_C\" >\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 C++<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-2\" >\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 (\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-2\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE-2\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u067e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-2\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-2\" >\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/%d9%be%d8%b4%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%86-dev\/#%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C\" >\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644 Last In, First Out (LIFO) \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u067e<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc (\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627).<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f true \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a false.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0642\u0628\u06af\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 LIFO<\/strong>: \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a Last In, First Out (LIFO) \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f<\/strong>: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a (\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0627\u067e\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc) \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b O(1) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/strong>: \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u062a \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627<\/strong>: \u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0647\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 (\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627&#8221; \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 (O(1) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u067e) \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 (\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632) \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2. \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u062f (\u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627 \/ \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_C\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 C++<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 C++ \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 C++\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 <code>Stack<\/code> \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0634.  \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <code>Stack<\/code> \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0646:<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"cp\">#include<\/span> <span class=\"cpf\"><iostream\/><\/span><span class=\"cp\">\n<\/span><span class=\"k\">using<\/span> <span class=\"k\">namespace<\/span> <span class=\"n\">std<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n<span class=\"nl\">private:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"nl\">public:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Constructor to initialize stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"k\">new<\/span> <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Destructor to free memory allocated to the array<\/span>\n    <span class=\"o\">~<\/span><span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">delete<\/span><span class=\"p\">[]<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>arr<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc -1 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06af\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 <code>Stack(int size)<\/code> \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<strong>arr = int \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f[size]<\/strong>: \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\n<strong>\u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a = \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647<\/strong>: \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\n<strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 = -1<\/strong>: \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 -1 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0627\u067e \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645.  \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 (\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647)<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631.  \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"kt\">void<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isFull<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Overflow: Stack is full.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">++<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u067e<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a pop \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Underflow: Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">--<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a peek \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">!<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span> <span class=\"k\">else<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a isEmpty \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc -1 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a isFull \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u060c \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isFull<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 LIFO\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 C++ \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"cp\">#include<\/span> <span class=\"cpf\"><iostream\/><\/span><span class=\"cp\">\n<\/span><span class=\"k\">using<\/span> <span class=\"k\">namespace<\/span> <span class=\"n\">std<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n<span class=\"nl\">private:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"nl\">public:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Constructor to initialize stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"k\">new<\/span> <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Destructor to free memory allocated to the array<\/span>\n    <span class=\"o\">~<\/span><span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">delete<\/span><span class=\"p\">[]<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to add an element `x` to the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">void<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isFull<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Overflow: Stack is full.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"o\">++<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">]<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to pop the top element from the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Underflow: Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">--<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to return the top element of the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">!<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">arr<\/span><span class=\"p\">[<\/span><span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">];<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span> <span class=\"k\">else<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to check if the stack is empty<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to check if the stack is full<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isFull<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"n\">capacity<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to return the size of the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">+<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">main<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Top element is: \"<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">endl<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack size is \"<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">size<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">endl<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">();<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">();<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">();<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span> <span class=\"k\">else<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is not empty<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_C\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 C++<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 C++ \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-2\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 C++\u060c \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u067e\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.  \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"cp\">#include<\/span> <span class=\"cpf\"><iostream\/><\/span><span class=\"cp\">\n<\/span><span class=\"k\">using<\/span> <span class=\"k\">namespace<\/span> <span class=\"n\">std<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n<span class=\"nl\">private:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Node<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">val<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">:<\/span> <span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">val<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">public<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Constructor to initialize stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">:<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Destructor to free memory allocated to the linked list<\/span>\n    <span class=\"o\">~<\/span><span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">while<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">!<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">();<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/strong>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 <code>Stack()<\/code> \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u060c \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <code>nullptr<\/code>\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 = nullptr<\/strong>: \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <code>nullptr<\/code>\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u067e\u0627\u067e \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645.  \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 (\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc)<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 &#8211; push\u060c pop\u060c peek \u0648 isEmpty &#8211; \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-2\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to add an element `x` to the stack<\/span>\n<span class=\"kt\">void<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"k\">new<\/span> <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">next<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE-2\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u067e<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a pop \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to pop the top element from the stack<\/span>\n<span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Underflow: Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">poppedValue<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">delete<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">poppedValue<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-2\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u06cc<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a peek \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to return the top element of the stack<\/span>\n<span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-2\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a isEmpty \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f <code>nullptr<\/code>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to check if the stack is empty<\/span>\n<span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><code>Time Complexity: O(1)<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a <code>isFull<\/code> \u0639\u0645\u0644.  \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0626\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. <\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C\"><\/span>\n<p>  \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc<br \/>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 C++ \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0634\u0648\u062f.  \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight js-code-highlight\">\n<pre class=\"highlight cpp\"><code><span class=\"cp\">#include<\/span> <span class=\"cpf\"><iostream\/><\/span><span class=\"cp\">\n<\/span><span class=\"k\">using<\/span> <span class=\"k\">namespace<\/span> <span class=\"n\">std<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">class<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n<span class=\"nl\">private:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"k\">struct<\/span> <span class=\"nc\">Node<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">val<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"o\">:<\/span> <span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">val<\/span><span class=\"p\">),<\/span> <span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"k\">public<\/span><span class=\"o\">:<\/span>\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Constructor to initialize stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">:<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Destructor to free memory allocated to the linked list<\/span>\n    <span class=\"o\">~<\/span><span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">while<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"o\">!<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">();<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to add an element `x` to the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">void<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">)<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"k\">new<\/span> <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">x<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">next<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">newNode<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to pop the top element from the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Underflow: Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">Node<\/span><span class=\"o\">*<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"n\">poppedValue<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">=<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">next<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">delete<\/span> <span class=\"n\">temp<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">poppedValue<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to return the top element of the stack<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n            <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty.<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n            <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"o\">-<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span><span class=\"o\">-&gt;<\/span><span class=\"n\">data<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"c1\">\/\/ Utility function to check if the stack is empty<\/span>\n    <span class=\"kt\">bool<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"n\">top<\/span> <span class=\"o\">==<\/span> <span class=\"nb\">nullptr<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">};<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"kt\">int<\/span> <span class=\"nf\">main<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">Stack<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">1<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">2<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">push<\/span><span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"mi\">3<\/span><span class=\"p\">);<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Top element is: \"<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">peek<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">endl<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Popping elements from the stack:<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\" \"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\" \"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">pop<\/span><span class=\"p\">()<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"n\">endl<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">if<\/span> <span class=\"p\">(<\/span><span class=\"n\">stack<\/span><span class=\"p\">.<\/span><span class=\"n\">isEmpty<\/span><span class=\"p\">())<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is empty<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span> <span class=\"k\">else<\/span> <span class=\"p\">{<\/span>\n        <span class=\"n\">cout<\/span> <span class=\"o\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span class=\"s\">\"Stack is not empty<\/span><span class=\"se\">\\n<\/span><span class=\"s\">\"<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n    <span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n\n    <span class=\"k\">return<\/span> <span class=\"mi\">0<\/span><span class=\"p\">;<\/span>\n<span class=\"p\">}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<div class=\"highlight__panel js-actions-panel\">\n<div class=\"highlight__panel-action js-fullscreen-code-action\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-on\"><title>\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M16 3h6v6h-2V5h-4V3zM2 3h6v2H4v4H2V3zm18 16v-4h2v6h-6v-2h4zM4 19h4v2H2v-6h2v4z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<p>    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" class=\"highlight-action crayons-icon highlight-action--fullscreen-off\"><title>\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M18 7h4v2h-6V3h2v4zM8 9H2V7h4V3h2v6zm10 8v4h-2v-6h6v2h-4zM8 15v6H6v-4H2v-2h6z\"\/>\n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc 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\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0635\u0644 Last In, First Out (LIFO) \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u067e\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":64859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/media.dev.to\/cdn-cgi\/image\/width=1000,height=500,fit=cover,gravity=auto,format=auto\/https%3A%2F%2Fdev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fuploads%2Farticles%2Fuoq3oj503qmhkuvldx6t.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[339],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dev"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64858"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64858\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}