{"id":91523,"date":"2025-01-06T13:45:52","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T10:15:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/7-advanced-typescript-features-to-supercharge-your-development-5436\/"},"modified":"2025-01-06T13:45:52","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T10:15:52","slug":"7-advanced-typescript-features-to-supercharge-your-development-5436","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nabfollower.com\/blog\/7-advanced-typescript-features-to-supercharge-your-development-5436\/","title":{"rendered":"7 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 TypeScript \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 Medium \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627! <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 TypeScript \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0641\u062a \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 TypeScript \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0645.<\/p>\n

Type Guards \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 TypeScript \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n

\n
function<\/span> processValue<\/span>(<\/span>value<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span> |<\/span> number<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n  if <\/span>(<\/span>typeof<\/span> value<\/span> ===<\/span> \"<\/span>string<\/span>\"<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n    \/\/ TypeScript knows that 'value' is a string here<\/span>\n    console<\/span>.<\/span>log<\/span>(<\/span>value<\/span>.<\/span>toUpperCase<\/span>());<\/span>\n  }<\/span> else<\/span> {<\/span>\n    \/\/ TypeScript knows that 'value' is a number here<\/span>\n    console<\/span>.<\/span>log<\/span>(<\/span>value<\/span>.<\/span>toFixed<\/span>(<\/span>2<\/span>));<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062f\u060c typeof<\/code> \u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 TypeScript \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n
\n
interface<\/span> Dog<\/span> {<\/span>\n  bark<\/span>():<\/span> void<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\ninterface<\/span> Cat<\/span> {<\/span>\n  meow<\/span>():<\/span> void<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nfunction<\/span> isDog<\/span>(<\/span>animal<\/span>:<\/span> Dog<\/span> |<\/span> Cat<\/span>):<\/span> animal<\/span> is<\/span> Dog<\/span> {<\/span>\n  return <\/span>(<\/span>animal<\/span> as<\/span> Dog<\/span>).<\/span>bark<\/span> !==<\/span> undefined<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nfunction<\/span> makeSound<\/span>(<\/span>animal<\/span>:<\/span> Dog<\/span> |<\/span> Cat<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n  if <\/span>(<\/span>isDog<\/span>(<\/span>animal<\/span>))<\/span> {<\/span>\n    animal<\/span>.<\/span>bark<\/span>();<\/span> \/\/ TypeScript knows this is safe<\/span>\n  }<\/span> else<\/span> {<\/span>\n    animal<\/span>.<\/span>meow<\/span>();<\/span> \/\/ TypeScript knows this is safe<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Mapped Types \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n
\n
interface<\/span> User<\/span> {<\/span>\n  id<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span>\n  name<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span>\n  email<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\ntype<\/span> ReadonlyUser<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\n  readonly<\/span> [<\/span>K<\/span> in<\/span> keyof<\/span> User<\/span>]:<\/span> User<\/span>[<\/span>K<\/span>];<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> user<\/span>:<\/span> ReadonlyUser<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\n  id<\/span>:<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span>\n  name<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>John Doe<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span>\n  email<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>john@example.com<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\n\/\/ This would cause a TypeScript error<\/span>\n\/\/ user.name = \"Jane Doe\";<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Conditional Types \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc TypeScript \u0645\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645:<\/p>\n
\n
type<\/span> NonNullable<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span> =<\/span> T<\/span> extends<\/span> null<\/span> |<\/span> undefined<\/span> ?<\/span> never<\/span> :<\/span> T<\/span>;<\/span>\n\nfunction<\/span> processValue<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span>(<\/span>value<\/span>:<\/span> T<\/span>):<\/span> NonNullable<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span> {<\/span>\n  if <\/span>(<\/span>value<\/span> ===<\/span> null<\/span> ||<\/span> value<\/span> ===<\/span> undefined<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n    throw<\/span> new<\/span> Error<\/span>(<\/span>\"<\/span>Value cannot be null or undefined<\/span>\"<\/span>);<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n  return<\/span> value<\/span> as<\/span> NonNullable<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> result<\/span> =<\/span> processValue<\/span>(<\/span>\"<\/span>Hello<\/span>\"<\/span>);<\/span> \/\/ Type is string<\/span>\nconst<\/span> nullResult<\/span> =<\/span> processValue<\/span>(<\/span>null<\/span>);<\/span> \/\/ TypeScript error<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Literal Types \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n
\n
type<\/span> Direction<\/span> =<\/span> \"<\/span>north<\/span>\"<\/span> |<\/span> \"<\/span>south<\/span>\"<\/span> |<\/span> \"<\/span>east<\/span>\"<\/span> |<\/span> \"<\/span>west<\/span>\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n\nfunction<\/span> move<\/span>(<\/span>direction<\/span>:<\/span> Direction<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n  \/\/ Implementation<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nmove<\/span>(<\/span>\"<\/span>north<\/span>\"<\/span>);<\/span> \/\/ This is valid<\/span>\n\/\/ move(\"up\"); \/\/ This would cause a TypeScript error<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 TypeScript \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n
\n
interface<\/span> Square<\/span> {<\/span>\n  kind<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>square<\/span>\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n  size<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\ninterface<\/span> Rectangle<\/span> {<\/span>\n  kind<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>rectangle<\/span>\"<\/span>;<\/span>\n  width<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span>\n  height<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\ntype<\/span> Shape<\/span> =<\/span> Square<\/span> |<\/span> Rectangle<\/span>;<\/span>\n\nfunction<\/span> calculateArea<\/span>(<\/span>shape<\/span>:<\/span> Shape<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n  switch <\/span>(<\/span>shape<\/span>.<\/span>kind<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n    case<\/span> \"<\/span>square<\/span>\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n      return<\/span> shape<\/span>.<\/span>size<\/span> *<\/span> shape<\/span>.<\/span>size<\/span>;<\/span>\n    case<\/span> \"<\/span>rectangle<\/span>\"<\/span>:<\/span>\n      return<\/span> shape<\/span>.<\/span>width<\/span> *<\/span> shape<\/span>.<\/span>height<\/span>;<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Generics \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0645:<\/p>\n
\n
function<\/span> reverseArray<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span>(<\/span>array<\/span>:<\/span> T<\/span>[]):<\/span> T<\/span>[]<\/span> {<\/span>\n  return<\/span> array<\/span>.<\/span>reverse<\/span>();<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> numbers<\/span> =<\/span> reverseArray<\/span>([<\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span> 2<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>,<\/span> 4<\/span>,<\/span> 5<\/span>]);<\/span>\nconst<\/span> strings<\/span> =<\/span> reverseArray<\/span>([<\/span>\"<\/span>a<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"<\/span>b<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"<\/span>c<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> \"<\/span>d<\/span>\"<\/span>]);<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0645:<\/p>\n
\n
function<\/span> log<\/span>(<\/span>target<\/span>:<\/span> any<\/span>,<\/span> key<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>,<\/span> descriptor<\/span>:<\/span> PropertyDescriptor<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n  const<\/span> originalMethod<\/span> =<\/span> descriptor<\/span>.<\/span>value<\/span>;<\/span>\n\n  descriptor<\/span>.<\/span>value<\/span> =<\/span> function <\/span>(...<\/span>args<\/span>:<\/span> any<\/span>[])<\/span> {<\/span>\n    console<\/span>.<\/span>log<\/span>(<\/span>`Calling <\/span>${<\/span>key<\/span>}<\/span> with arguments: <\/span>${<\/span>JSON<\/span>.<\/span>stringify<\/span>(<\/span>args<\/span>)}<\/span>`<\/span>);<\/span>\n    return<\/span> originalMethod<\/span>.<\/span>apply<\/span>(<\/span>this<\/span>,<\/span> args<\/span>);<\/span>\n  };<\/span>\n\n  return<\/span> descriptor<\/span>;<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nclass<\/span> Calculator<\/span> {<\/span>\n  @<\/span>log<\/span>\n  add<\/span>(<\/span>a<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>,<\/span> b<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n    return<\/span> a<\/span> +<\/span> b<\/span>;<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> calc<\/span> =<\/span> new<\/span> Calculator<\/span>();<\/span>\ncalc<\/span>.<\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>5<\/span>,<\/span> 3<\/span>);<\/span> \/\/ Logs: Calling add with arguments: [5,3]<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 TypeScript \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u062f \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0645.<\/p>\n
Type Guards \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc API \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0645.<\/p>\n
Mapped Types \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
Literal Types \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc React \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 UI \u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0698\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 TypeScript \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0698\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n
\n
type<\/span> DeepReadonly<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>><\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\n  readonly<\/span> [<\/span>P<\/span> in<\/span> keyof<\/span> T<\/span>]:<\/span> T<\/span>[<\/span>P<\/span>]<\/span> extends<\/span> object<\/span> ?<\/span> DeepReadonly<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span>[<\/span>P<\/span>]<\/span>><\/span> :<\/span> T<\/span>[<\/span>P<\/span>];<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\ninterface<\/span> User<\/span> {<\/span>\n  id<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span>\n  name<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span>\n  settings<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\n    theme<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span>\n    notifications<\/span>:<\/span> boolean<\/span>;<\/span>\n  };<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\ntype<\/span> ReadonlyUser<\/span> =<\/span> DeepReadonly<\/span><<\/span>User<\/span>><\/span>;<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> user<\/span>:<\/span> ReadonlyUser<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\n  id<\/span>:<\/span> 1<\/span>,<\/span>\n  name<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>John<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span>\n  settings<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span>\n    theme<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>dark<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span>\n    notifications<\/span>:<\/span> true<\/span>,<\/span>\n  },<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\n\/\/ These would all cause TypeScript errors:<\/span>\n\/\/ user.id = 2;<\/span>\n\/\/ user.settings.theme = \"light\";<\/span>\n\/\/ user.settings = { theme: \"light\", notifications: false };<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
    \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u0627\u06cc\u0646 DeepReadonly<\/code> type \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u06cc (\u0648 \u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0648) \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639 TypeScript \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0698\u0646\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n
\n
type<\/span> EventMap<\/span> =<\/span> {<\/span>\n  login<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span> user<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span> timestamp<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span> };<\/span>\n  logout<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span> user<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span> timestamp<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span> };<\/span>\n  purchase<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span> item<\/span>:<\/span> string<\/span>;<\/span> price<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span>;<\/span> timestamp<\/span>:<\/span> number<\/span> };<\/span>\n};<\/span>\n\nclass<\/span> EventEmitter<\/span><<\/span>T<\/span> extends<\/span> EventMap<\/span>><\/span> {<\/span>\n  private<\/span> listeners<\/span>:<\/span> {<\/span> [<\/span>K<\/span> in<\/span> keyof<\/span> T<\/span>]?:<\/span> ((<\/span>event<\/span>:<\/span> T<\/span>[<\/span>K<\/span>])<\/span> =><\/span> void<\/span>)[]<\/span> }<\/span> =<\/span> {};<\/span>\n\n  on<\/span><<\/span>K<\/span> extends<\/span> keyof<\/span> T<\/span>><\/span>(<\/span>event<\/span>:<\/span> K<\/span>,<\/span> listener<\/span>:<\/span> (<\/span>event<\/span>:<\/span> T<\/span>[<\/span>K<\/span>])<\/span> =><\/span> void<\/span>)<\/span> {<\/span>\n    if <\/span>(<\/span>!<\/span>this<\/span>.<\/span>listeners<\/span>[<\/span>event<\/span>])<\/span> {<\/span>\n      this<\/span>.<\/span>listeners<\/span>[<\/span>event<\/span>]<\/span> =<\/span> [];<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n    this<\/span>.<\/span>listeners<\/span>[<\/span>event<\/span>]<\/span>!<\/span>.<\/span>push<\/span>(<\/span>listener<\/span>);<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n\n  emit<\/span><<\/span>K<\/span> extends<\/span> keyof<\/span> T<\/span>><\/span>(<\/span>event<\/span>:<\/span> K<\/span>,<\/span> data<\/span>:<\/span> T<\/span>[<\/span>K<\/span>])<\/span> {<\/span>\n    if <\/span>(<\/span>this<\/span>.<\/span>listeners<\/span>[<\/span>event<\/span>])<\/span> {<\/span>\n      this<\/span>.<\/span>listeners<\/span>[<\/span>event<\/span>]<\/span>!<\/span>.<\/span>forEach<\/span>((<\/span>listener<\/span>)<\/span> =><\/span> listener<\/span>(<\/span>data<\/span>));<\/span>\n    }<\/span>\n  }<\/span>\n}<\/span>\n\nconst<\/span> emitter<\/span> =<\/span> new<\/span> EventEmitter<\/span><<\/span>EventMap<\/span>><\/span>();<\/span>\n\nemitter<\/span>.<\/span>on<\/span>(<\/span>\"<\/span>login<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> ({<\/span> user<\/span>,<\/span> timestamp<\/span> })<\/span> =><\/span> {<\/span>\n  console<\/span>.<\/span>log<\/span>(<\/span>`<\/span>${<\/span>user<\/span>}<\/span> logged in at <\/span>${<\/span>new<\/span> Date<\/span>(<\/span>timestamp<\/span>)}<\/span>`<\/span>);<\/span>\n});<\/span>\n\nemitter<\/span>.<\/span>emit<\/span>(<\/span>\"<\/span>login<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> {<\/span> user<\/span>:<\/span> \"<\/span>John<\/span>\"<\/span>,<\/span> timestamp<\/span>:<\/span> Date<\/span>.<\/span>now<\/span>()<\/span> });<\/span>\n\/\/ This would cause a TypeScript error:<\/span>\n\/\/ emitter.emit(\"login\", { user: \"John\" });<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n
\n    \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/title>\n    \n<\/svg><\/p>\n
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\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/p>\nToggle<\/span><\/path><\/svg><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n